2012年2月17日星期五

You Raise Me Up (With Lyrics)

Life is not fair.

But it surely is fun.

Laugh it out!

When I am down and all my souls surround me
And troubles come and my heart burden me
And I am still am waiting here in the silence
Until you come and sit awhile with me

You raise me up so I can stand on mountains
You raise me up to walk on stormy seas
I am strong when I am on your shoulders
You raise me up to more than I can be

You raise me up so I can stand on mountains
You raise me up to walk on stormy sea

I am strong when I am on your shoulders
You raise me up to more than I can be

You raise me up so I can stand on mountains
You raise me up to walk on stormy seas
I am strong when I am on your shoulders
You raise me up to more than I can be

You raise me up so I can stand on mountains
You raise me up to walk on stormy seas
I am strong when I am on your shoulders
You raise me up to more than I can be
You raise me up to more than I can be

2012年2月6日星期一

Age-by-age guide to feeding your toddler

Reviewed by the BabyCenter Medical Advisory Board
Last updated: October 2011
En español

Highlights

Use this guide to find out what and how much to feed your child from 12 to 36 months of age. (Read about what to feed children under 12 months.) Don't worry if your child eats more or less than the amounts listed – they're meant as rough guidelines.

Age: 12 to 24 months

Signs of readiness

Can start to use a spoon (though proficiency will take a while!)

What to feed

Whole milk
Other dairy (soft pasteurized cheese, full-fat yogurt and cottage cheese)
Same food as rest of family, mashed or chopped into bite-size pieces
Iron-fortified cereals (rice, barley, wheat, oats, mixed cereals)
Other grains (whole wheat bread, pasta, rice)
Fruits: melon, papaya, apricot, grapefruit
Vegetables: broccoli and cauliflower "trees", cooked until soft
Protein (eggs; cut-up or ground meat or poultry; boneless fish; tofu; beans; thinly spread smooth peanut butter)
Citrus and non-citrus juice
Honey is now okay

How much per day

2 cups dairy (1 cup milk or yogurt, 1 cup = 1 1/2 ounces natural cheese or 2 ounces processed cheese)
3 ounces grains, preferably half of them whole grains (1 ounce = 1/3 cup cold cereal, 1/4 cup pasta or rice, 1 slice bread)
1 cup fruit (fresh, frozen, canned and/or 100 percent juice) Emphasize whole fruits rather than juice.
1 cup vegetables (Serve vegetables that are cut in small pieces and well cooked to prevent choking.)
2 ounces protein (1 ounce = one slice of sandwich meat, about 1/3 of a chicken breast half, 1/4 can of tuna, 1/4 cup cooked dry beans, or 1 egg)

Feeding tips

Experts used to say you shouldn't give young children eggs, fish, or peanut products because the child might develop a food allergy. But the latest research from the American Academy of Pediatrics found there's no evidence that babies develop allergies from the early introduction of these foods. Still, some doctors recommend caution when it comes to introducing foods. If you're concerned that your child might have an allergy to certain foods, introduce them one by one and keep an eye out for an allergic reaction.
Choking is still a danger. Learn more about foods to watch out for.

Age: 24 to 36 months

Signs of readiness

Self-feeding
Eagerness to make own food choices

What to feed

Low-fat milk (It's okay to switch to low-fat or nonfat milk once your child is older than 2, but check with your child's doctor if you have questions.)
Other dairy (diced or grated cheese; low-fat yogurt, cottage cheese, pudding)
Iron-fortified cereals (rice, barley, wheat, oats, mixed cereals)
Other grains (whole wheat bread and crackers, cut-up bagels, pretzels, rice cakes, ready-to-eat cereal, pasta, rice)
Fruits, sliced fresh or canned
Dried fruit, soaked until soft so it won't pose a choking hazard (apples, apricots, peaches, pears, dates, pitted prunes)
Vegetables, cooked and cut up
Protein (eggs; cut-up or ground meat or poultry; boneless fish; tofu; beans; smooth peanut butter)
Combo foods like macaroni and cheese, casseroles
Fruit and vegetable juices

How much per day
One serving for a child this age is about a quarter the size of an adult serving.

2 cups dairy (1 cup milk or yogurt; 1 cup = 1 1/2 ounces natural cheese or 2 ounces processed cheese)
4-5 ounces grains (1 ounce = 1 slice of bread; 1/3 cup ready-to-eat cereal, or 1/4 cup of cooked rice, cooked pasta, or cooked cereal)
1 to 1 1/2 cups fruit (fresh, frozen, canned, dried and/or 100 percent juice) Emphasize whole fruits rather than juice.
1 1/2 cups vegetables
3 to 4 ounces protein (1 ounce of meat, poultry, or fish; 1/4 cup cooked dry beans; or 1 egg)

Feeding tips

Experts used to say you shouldn't give young children eggs, fish, or peanut products because the child might develop a food allergy. But the latest research from the American Academy of Pediatrics found there's no evidence that babies develop allergies from the early introduction of these foods. Still, some doctors recommend caution when it comes to introducing foods. If you're concerned that your child might have an allergy to certain foods, introduce them one by one and keep an eye out for an allergic reaction.
Choking is still a danger. Learn more about foods to watch out for.

Your child may seem to eat less than before – that's perfectly normal at this stage. If you wonder whether your child is getting enough calories, use this guideline: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children get about 40 calories a day for every inch of height.
Finally, if you're a vegan or vegetarian, you can still provide your infant or toddler with everything she needs. The American Dietetic Association and American Academy of Pediatrics agree that well-planned vegetarian and vegan diets are fine for infants and toddlers. Just pay attention to make sure your child gets plenty of the following nutrients:

Vitamin B12: Vegetarians can get this nutrient from milk products and eggs; vegans can use fortified soy or rice beverages, cereals, and meat substitutes.
Vitamin D: Breastfed babies should get an additional 400 IU per day through a vitamin supplement or, after 1 year of age, from fortified cow or soy milk.
Calcium: Vegan babies may need calcium-fortified foods, beverages, or supplements. Check with a dietitian or your doctor if you're not sure.
Iron: Found in iron-fortified cereal or supplements.
Protein: Vegans can find plant proteins in beans, cereals, and fortified soy milk. Vegetarians can add in protein from yogurt and eggs.
Fiber: Good sources of fiber include whole grain breads, fortified cereals, and pastas, and higher-fat plant foods like sunflower butter and avocados.

2012年1月19日星期四

Stomach flu; Viral gastroenteritis

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001298/

Viral gastroenteritis

Rotavirus infection; Norwalk virus; Gastroenteritis - viral; Stomach flu

Last reviewed: April 12, 2010.

Viral gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines from a virus. The infection can lead to diarrhea and vomiting. It is sometimes called the "stomach flu."

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Viral gastroenteritis is a leading cause of severe diarrhea in both adults and children. Many types of viruses can cause gastroenteritis. The most common ones are:

Astrovirus
Enteric adenovirus
Norovirus (also called Norwalk-like virus). It is common among school-age children.
Rotavirus, the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children. It can also infect adults exposed to children with the virus. Outbreaks may also occur in nursing homes.

These viruses are often found in contaminated food or drinking water. Symptoms of viral gastroenteritis usually appear within 4 - 48 hours after exposure to the contaminated food or water.

Those with the highest risk for severe gastroenteritis include the young, the elderly, and people who have suppressed immune systems.

Symptoms

Other symptoms may include:

Chills
Clammy skin
Excessive sweating
Fever
Joint stiffness
Leakage (incontinence) of stool
Muscle pain
Poor feeding
Vomiting blood (very rare)
Weight loss

Signs and tests

Your health care provider will look for signs that the body does not have enough water (dehydration). These include:

Dry or sticky mouth
Lethargic or comatose (severe dehydration)
Low blood pressure
Low or no urine output; concentrated urine appears dark yellow
Markedly sunken soft spots (fontanelles) on the top of an infant's head
No tears
Sunken eyes

Tests that examine stool samples may be used to identify the specific virus. This is usually not needed for viral gastroenteritis. A stool culture may be done to identify a bacterial cause for diarrhea.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to prevent dehydration by making sure the body has as much water and fluids as it should. Fluids and electrolytes (salt and minerals) lost through diarrhea or vomiting must be replaced by drinking extra fluids. Even if you are able to eat, you should still drink extra fluids between meals.

Older children and adults can drink sports beverages such as Gatorade, but these should not be used for children. Instead, use the electrolyte and fluid replacement solutions or freezer pops available in food and drug stores.
Do NOT use fruit juice (including apple juice), sodas or cola (flat or bubbly), Jell-O, or broth. All of these have a lot of sugar, which makes diarrhea worse, and they don't replace lost minerals.
Drink small amounts of fluid (2-4 oz.) every 30-60 minutes, rather than trying to force large amounts at one time, which can cause vomiting. Use a teaspoon or syringe for an infant or small child.
Breast milk or formula can be continued along with extra fluids. You do NOT need to switch to a soy formula.

Food may be offered frequently in small amounts. Suggested foods include:

Cereals, bread, potatoes, lean meats
Plain yogurt, bananas, fresh apples
Vegetables

People with diarrhea who are unable to drink fluids because of nausea may need intravenous (directly into a vein) fluids. This is especially true in small children.

Antibiotics do not work for viruses.

Drugs to slow down the amount of diarrhea (anti-diarrheal medications) should not be given without first talking with your health care provider. They may cause the infection to last longer. DO NOT give these anti-diarrheal medications to children unless directed to do so by a health care provider.

People taking water pills (diuretics) who develop diarrhea may be told by their health care provider to stop taking the diuretic during theacute episode. However, DO NOT stop taking any prescription medicine without first talking to your doctor.

The risk of dehydration is greatest in infants and young children, so parents should closely monitor the number of wet diapers changed per day when their child is sick.

Expectations (prognosis)

Most infections will go away on their own. Children may become severely ill from dehydration caused by diarrhea.

Complications

Rotavirus causes severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Severe dehydration and death can occur in this age group.

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if diarrhea persists for more than several days or if dehydration occurs. You should also contact your doctor if you or your child has these symptoms:

Blood in the stool
Confusion
Dizziness
Dry mouth
Feeling faint
Nausea
No tears when crying
No urine for 8 hours or more
Sunken appearance to the eyes
Sunken soft spot on an infant's head (fontanelle)

Prevention

Most infectious organisms are transmitted by unwashed hands. The best way to prevent viral gastroenteritis is to handle food properly and wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet.

Vaccination to prevent severe rotavirus infection is recommended for infants starting at age 2 months.

References

Craig SA, Zich DK. Gastroenteritis. In: Mark JA, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier;2009:chap 92.
Zulfigar AB. Acute gastroenteritis in children. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 337.
Cortese MM, Parashar UD. Prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis among infants and children: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 2009;58:1-25.

: Review Date: 4/12/2010.
Reviewed by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Divison of Physician Assistant STudies, University of Washington School of Medicine; and George F. Longstreth, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program, San Diego, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

小兒「腸」吐！冬季病毒流行「輪」值 ( by 華人健康網)

小兒「腸」吐！冬季病毒流行「輪」值

2012年1月18日 14:37

【華人健康網記者駱慧雯／南市報導】

「醫師，我的小孩『感得』（台語）腸子了……」，醫院門診或急診室中，經常可以聽到心急如焚的父母向醫師說明，小孩出現上吐下瀉、腹痛等腸胃炎症狀。小兒科醫師提醒，冬天是輪狀病毒（Rotavirus）和諾羅病毒（Norovirus）最猖獗的季節，容易造成兒童嚴重的急性腸胃炎。

鄭超宏醫師表示，冬天是輪狀病毒和諾羅病毒的盛行季節，容易引發急性腸胃炎。（圖片提供／台南新樓醫院）

台南新樓醫院小兒肝膽胃腸科鄭超宏醫師表示，在國外被稱為「Gastric flu」或「Stomach flu」的腸胃型感冒，常因輪狀病毒或諾羅病毒引發腸胃道發炎，出現發燒、噁心、嘔吐、腹瀉、腹痛等症狀。

鄭超宏醫師說明，外型像輪胎的輪狀病毒，潛伏期大約2天，感染後典型的症狀剛開始會先噁心嘔吐、水瀉，中間常伴隨著發燒、腹痛等現象，症狀約三到八天結束，但也有嚴重的可造成抽搐、脫水的現象，甚至休克。至於傳染率高的諾羅病毒，感染後症狀以嘔吐為主，會有腹脹、腹痛或腹瀉，症狀來去快速，整個病程約2天左右就會結束。

輪狀病毒感染以小孩居多，根據統計，5歲以前的小朋友至少感染過一次的輪狀病毒，且未來仍有可能再次感染另一型，但症狀會比前一次更為輕微。諾羅病毒感染者則是成人多於孩童。兩者的傳染途徑都是口糞傳染，患者常是因為吃到受到污染的食物、水源等而被感染。

病從口入！鄭超宏醫師提醒，預防腸胃型病毒的方法不外乎是勤洗手，保持環境衛生，不攝取來源不明或受到污染的食物。目前，輪狀病毒有疫苗可口服，建議父母可考慮讓小朋友在出生後2～4個月內接種第一劑，完成2劑或3劑的接種後，就可有效降低感染後的嚴重度與住院的可能性。不過，到目前為止，諾羅病毒尚缺乏有效的疫苗可接種。

2012年1月18日星期三

安馨小啾啾(15個月大) 拉肚子, 不吃東西

安馨小啾啾(15個月大) 生病了
拉肚子, 不吃東西
越來越瘦
該怎麼辦好?

50 Rules for Dads of Daughters (By Michael Mitchell)

1. Love her mom. Treat her mother with respect, honor, and a big heaping spoonful of public displays of affection. When she grows up, the odds are good she’ll fall in love with and marry someone who treats her much like you treated her mother. Good or bad, that’s just the way it is. I’d prefer good.

2. Always be there. Quality time doesn’t happen without quantity time. Hang out together for no other reason than just to be in each other’s presence. Be genuinely interested in the things that interest her. She needs her dad to be involved in her life at every stage. Don’t just sit idly by while she add years to her… add life to her years.

3. Save the day. She’ll grow up looking for a hero. It might as well be you. She’ll need you to come through for her over and over again throughout her life. Rise to the occasion. Red cape and blue tights optional.

4. Savor every moment you have together. Today she’s crawling around the house in diapers, tomorrow you’re handing her the keys to the car, and before you know it, you’re walking her down the aisle. Some day soon, hanging out with her old man won’t be the bees knees anymore. Life happens pretty fast. You better cherish it while you can.

5. Pray for her. Regularly. Passionately. Continually.

6. Buy her a glove and teach her to throw a baseball. Make her proud to throw like a girl… a girl with a wicked slider.

7. She will fight with her mother. Choose sides wisely.

8. Go ahead. Buy her those pearls.

9. Of course you look silly playing peek-a-boo. You should play anyway.

10. Enjoy the wonder of bath time.

11. There will come a day when she asks for a puppy. Don’t over think it. At least one time in her life, just say, “Yes.”

12. It’s never too early to start teaching her about money. She will still probably suck you dry as a teenager… and on her wedding day.

13. Make pancakes in the shape of her age for breakfast on her birthday. In a pinch, donuts with pink sprinkles and a candle will suffice.

14. Buy her a pair of Chucks as soon as she starts walking. She won’t always want to wear matching shoes with her old man.

Photo Credit :: Danielle Rocke Toews

15. Dance with her. Start when she’s a little girl or even when she’s a baby. Don’t wait ‘til her wedding day.

16. Take her fishing. She will probably squirm more than the worm on your hook. That’s OK.

17. Learn to say no. She may pitch a fit today, but someday you’ll both be glad you stuck to your guns.

18. Tell her she’s beautiful. Say it over and over again. Someday an animated movie or “beauty” magazine will try to convince her otherwise.

19. Teach her to change a flat. A tire without air need not be a major panic inducing event in her life. She’ll still call you crying the first time it happens.

20. Take her camping. Immerse her in the great outdoors. Watch her eyes fill with wonder the first time she sees the beauty of wide open spaces. Leave the iPod at home.

21. Let her hold the wheel. She will always remember when daddy let her drive.

22. She’s as smart as any boy. Make sure she knows that.

23. When she learns to give kisses, she will want to plant them all over your face. Encourage this practice.

24. Knowing how to eat sunflower seeds correctly will not help her get into a good college. Teach her anyway.

25. Letting her ride on your shoulders is pure magic. Do it now while you have a strong back and she’s still tiny.

26. It is in her nature to make music. It’s up to you to introduce her to the joy of socks on a wooden floor.

27. If there’s a splash park near your home, take her there often. She will be drawn to the water like a duck to a puddle.

28. She will eagerly await your return home from work in the evenings. Don’t be late.

29. If her mom enrolls her in swim lessons, make sure you get in the pool too. Don’t be intimidated if there are no other dads there. It’s their loss.

30. Never miss her birthday. In ten years she won’t remember the present you gave her. She will remember if you weren’t there.

31. Teach her to roller skate. Watch her confidence soar.

32. Let her roll around in the grass. It’s good for her soul. It’s not bad for yours either.

33. Take her swimsuit shopping. Don’t be afraid to veto some of her choices, but resist the urge to buy her full-body beach pajamas.

34. Somewhere between the time she turns three and her sixth birthday, the odds are good that she will ask you to marry her. Let her down gently.

35. She’ll probably want to crawl in bed with you after a nightmare. This is a good thing.

36. Few things in life are more comforting to a crying little girl than her father’s hand. Never forget this.

37. Introduce her to the swings at your local park. She’ll squeal for you to push her higher and faster. Her definition of “higher and faster” is probably not the same as yours. Keep that in mind.

38. When she’s a bit older, your definition of higher and faster will be a lot closer to hers. When that day comes, go ahead… give it all you’ve got.

39. Holding her upside down by the legs while she giggles and screams uncontrollably is great for your biceps. WARNING: She has no concept of muscle fatigue.

40. She might ask you to buy her a pony on her birthday. Unless you live on a farm, do not buy her a pony on her birthday. It’s OK to rent one though.

41. Take it easy on the presents for her birthday and Christmas. Instead, give her the gift of experiences you can share together.

42. Let her know she can always come home. No matter what.

43. Remember, just like a butterfly, she too will spread her wings and fly some day. Enjoy her caterpillar years.

44. Write her a handwritten letter every year on her birthday. Give them to her when she goes off to college, becomes a mother herself, or when you think she needs them most.

45. Learn to trust her. Gradually give her more freedom as she gets older. She will rise to the expectations you set for her.

46. When in doubt, trust your heart. She already does.

47. When your teenage daughter is upset, learning when to engage and when to back off will add years to YOUR life. If you succeed in doing this, tell me how.

48. Ice cream covers over a multitude of sins. Know her favorite flavor.